Is an expression of good will offered on a person s birthday. The expression may also refer to:MusicSongs with this title include: * Happy Birthday to You , a traditional song also known as Happy Birthday * Happy Birthday (Birthday Party song), a … Wikipedia

happy birthday - phrase a greeting you use when it is someone’s birthday Happy birthday, Jimmy! wish someone a happy birthday: I just wanted to wish you a happy birthday. Thesaurus: greetings for specific occasionshyponym ways of saying hellosynonym … Useful english dictionary

Happy Birthday - „Happy Birthday“ ist das bekannteste Geburtstags Ständchen. Das Lied stammt von Mildred J. Hill (1859–1916) und Patty Smith Hill (1868–1946) aus dem US amerikanischen Louisville (Kentucky). Beide arbeiteten im Louisville Experimental Kindergarten … Deutsch Wikipedia

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Happy Birthday - Happy Birthday/Christmas/Easter/Anniversary/ phrase used as a greeting on a particular occasion Thesaurus: greetings for specific occasionshyponym ways of saying hello … Useful english dictionary

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happy birthday - 1. interjection /ˈhæpi ˈbɜːθ.deɪ,ˈhæpi ˈbɝθ.deɪ/ Said or written to a person who is celebrating his or her birthday in order to convey the good wishes of the speaker or writer (literally, may you have a happy birthday) When Charlotte entered the … Wiktionary

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Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 - April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was a famous and popular American humorist, novelist, writer and lecturer.

At his peak, he was probably the most popular American celebrity of his time. William Faulkner wrote that Twain was "the first truly American writer, and all of us since are his heirs". Clemens maintained that the name "Mark Twain" came from his years on the riverboat, where two fathoms (12 ft, approximately 3.7 m) or "safe water" was measured on the sounding line, was marked by calling "mark twain". But it is often thought that the name actually came from his wilder days in the West, where he would buy two drinks and tell the bartender to "mark twain" on his tab. The true origin is unknown. In addition to Mark Twain, Clemens used the pseudonym "Sieur Louis de Conte". Mark Twain was "born" here, in the office of the Nevada Territorial Enterprise, when Clemens first used that name on an article published 3 February 1863. Clemens died on 21 April 1910. Halley"s Comet was again visible in the night sky. MT"s first novel was The Gilded Age, 1873. Oxford awarded Samuel L. Clemens the LLD (Doctor of Letters) in 1907. In 1894, over $100,000 in debt, MT declared bankruptcy.

Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born in Florida, Missouri, the third of four surviving children of John and Jane Clemens. When he was four years old, the family moved to the river town of Hannibal, Missouri, hoping their fortunes would improve there. It was this town and its inhabitants that the author Mark Twain later put to such imaginative use in his most famous works, especially The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876). Clemens" father died in 1847, leaving many debts. The oldest son, Orion, soon began publishing a newspaper and Sam began contributing to it as a journeyman printer and occasional writer. Some of the liveliest and most controversial stories in Orion"s paper came from the pen of his younger brother - usually when Orion was out of town. Clemens also traveled to St. Louis and New York City to earn a living as a printer. But the lure of the Mississippi eventually drew Clemens to a career as a steamboat pilot, a profession he later claimed would have held him to the end of his days, recounting his experiences in his book Life on the Mississippi (1883). Clemens said that the characters he met on the river were a great help to him as he enjoyed reading more. He met every sort of character on the river. There was Horace Bixby (later the head pilot of the Union fleet), who took him on as a cub pilot, Mr. Brown, a tyrannical pilot who made Clemens feel like an emancipated slave when he no longer had to put up with him. His younger brother Henry was killed in a boiler explosion. But the Civil War and the advent of railroads put an end to commercial steamboat traffic in 1861, and Clemens had to look for a new job. After a brief stint with a local militia (an experience he recounted in his short story, "The Private History of a Campaign That Failed" in 1885), he escaped further contact with the war by going west in July of 1861 with Orion, who had been appointed secretary to the territorial governor of Nevada. The two traveled for two weeks across the Plains by stagecoach to the silver-mining town of Virginia City, Nevada.

Roughing it Out West

Clemens" experiences out West formed him as a writer and became the basis of his second book, Roughing It. Once in Nevada he became a miner, hoping to strike it rich digging up silver in the Comstock Lode and staying for long periods in camp with his fellow prospectors - another mode of living that he later put to literary use. Failing as a miner, he fell into newspaper work in Virginia City for the Territorial Enterprise, where he adopted the pen name "Mark Twain" for the first time. In 1864, he moved down to San Francisco and wrote for several papers there. In 1865, Twain had his first literary success. At the behest of humorist Artemus Ward (whom he had met and befriended in Virginia City during Ward"s lecture tour of 1863), he submitted a humorous short story for a collection Ward was publishing. The story arrived too late for that book, but the publisher passed it to the Saturday Press. That story, originally entitled "Jim Smiley and his Jumping Frog" but now better known as "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" was reprinted nationwide, and called by Atlantic Monthly editor James Russell Lowell "the finest piece of humorous literature yet produced in America". In the spring of 1866 he was commissioned by the Sacramento Union newspaper to travel to the Sandwich Islands (now Hawaii) to write a series of letters reporting on his journey there. On his return to San Francisco, the success of the letters and the personal encouragement of Colonel John McComb (publisher of San Francisco"s Alta California newspaper) led him to try his hand at the lecture circuit, renting the Academy of Music and charging a dollar a head admission".Doors open at 7 o"clock" Twain wrote on the advertising poster".The trouble to begin at 8 o"clock". The first lecture was a wild success, and soon Twain was traveling up and down the state, lecturing and entertaining to packed houses.

But it was another trip that established his fame as an author. Twain convinced Col. McComb of the Alta California to pay for Twain"s passage aboard the steam packet Quaker City on an American excursion to Europe and the Middle East. The resulting letters Twain produced for the newspaper reporting on the trip formed the basis of his first book, The Innocents Abroad, a large and humorous travelogue that pointedly failed to worship Old World arts and conventions. Sold by subscription, the book became hugely popular and put its author in a spotlight he never willingly relinquished for the rest of his life. After the success of Innocents Abroad he married Olivia Langdon in 1870 and moved to Buffalo, New York, then to Hartford, Connecticut. They had four children: Langdon, Susy, Clara, and Jean. Langdon died in 1872, and the three others were born between 1872 and 1880. During this period, he lectured often in the United States and England. Later he wrote as an avid critic of American society. He wrote about politics with his Life on the Mississippi.

Twain"s greatest contribution to American literature is generally considered to be the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. As Ernest Hemingway himself said: "All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.all American writing comes from that. There was nothing before. There has been nothing as good since". Also popular are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Prince and the Pauper, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur"s Court and the non-fictional Life on the Mississippi. Twain began as a writer of light humorous verse; he ended as a grim, almost profane chronicler of the vanities, hypocrisies and acts of killing committed by mankind. At mid-career, with Huckleberry Finn, he combined rich humor, sturdy narrative and social criticism in a way almost unrivaled in world literature. Twain was a master at rendering colloquial speech, and helped to create and popularize a distinctive American literature, built on American themes and language.

Twain had a fascination with science and scientific inquiry. Twain developed a close and lasting friendship with Nikola Tesla. They spent quite a bit of time together from time to time (in Tesla"s laboratory, among other places). A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur"s Court featured a time traveller from the America of Twain"s day who used his knowledge of science to introduce modern technology to Arthurian England. Twain also patented an improvement in adjustable and detachable straps for garments. Twain was a major figure in the American Anti-Imperialist League, which opposed the annexation of the Philippines by the United States. He wrote Incident in the Philippines, posthumously published in 1924, in response to the Moro Crater Massacre, in which six hundred Moros were killed. In recent years, there have been occasional attempts to ban Huckleberry Finn from various libraries, because Twain"s use of local color offends some people. Although Twain was against racism and imperialism far in front of public sentiment of his time, some with only superficial familiarity of his work have condemned it as racist for its accurate depiction of the language in common use in the United States in the 19th century. Expressions that were used casually and unselfconsciously then are often perceived today as racism (in present times, such racial epithets are far more visible and condemned). Twain himself would probably be amused by these attempts; in 1885, when a library in Massachusetts banned the book, he wrote to his publisher, "They have expelled Huck from their library as "trash suitable only for the slums", that will sell 25,000 copies for us for sure". Many of Mark Twain"s works have been suppressed at times for one reason or another. 1880 saw the publication of an anonymous slim volume entitled 1601: Conversation, as it was by the Social Fireside, in the Time of the Tudors. Twain was among those rumored to be the author, but the issue was not settled until 1906, when Twain acknowledged his literary paternity of this scatological masterpiece. Twain at least saw 1601 published during his lifetime. Twain wrote an anti-war article entitled The War Prayer during the Spanish-American War. It was submitted for publication, but on March 22, 1905, Harper"s Bazaar rejected it as "not quite suited to a woman"s magazine". Eight days later, Twain wrote to his friend Dan Beard, to whom he had read the story, "I don"t think the prayer will be published in my time. None but the dead are permitted to tell the truth". Because he had an exclusive contract with Harper & Brothers, Mark Twain could not publish The War Prayer elsewhere and it remained unpublished until 1923. In his later life Twain"s family suppressed some of his work which was especially irreverent toward conventional religion, notably Letters from the Earth, which was not published until 1962. The anti-religious The Mysterious Stranger was published in 1916. Perhaps most controversial of all was Mark Twain"s 1879 humorous talk at the Stomach Club in Paris entitled Some Thoughts on the Science of Onanism (masturbation), which concluded with the thought "If you must gamble your lives sexually, don"t play a lone hand too much". This talk was not published until 1943, and then only in a limited edition of fifty copies.

Later life and friendship with Henry H. Rogers

Twain"s fortunes then began to decline; in his later life, Twain was a very depressed man, but still capable. Following the erroneous publication of a premature obituary in the New York Journal, Twain famously responded: "The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated" (June 2, 1897). His only son, who was sick from the time of his birth, died after Clemens took him out for a walk on a blistery day without covering his carriage. His most favored daughter died while Clemens was in Australia completing a lecture series. After giving birth to four children, his wife was sickly for most of her adult life. All in all he lost 3 out of 4 of his children, and his beloved wife, Olivia Langdon, before his death in 1910. He also had some very bad times with his businesses. His publishing company ended up going bankrupt, and he lost thousands of dollars on one typesetting machine that was never finished. He also lost a great deal of revenue on royalties from his books being plagiarized before he even had a chance to publish them himself. In 1893, Twain was introduced to industrialist and financier Henry Huttleston Rogers, one of the principals of Standard Oil. Rogers reorganized Twain"s tangled finances, and the two became close friends for the rest of their lives. Rogers" family became Twain"s surrogate family and Twain was a frequent guest at the Rogers townhouse in New York City and summer home in Fairhaven, Massachusetts. The two were drinking and poker buddies. In 1907, they traveled together in Rogers" yacht Kanawha to the Jamestown Exposition held at Sewell"s Point near Norfolk, Virginia in celebration of the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Jamestown Colony.

While Twain openly credited Rogers with saving him from financial ruin, there is also substantial evidence in their published correspondence that the close friendship in their later years was mutually beneficial, apparently softening at least somewhat the hard-driving industrialist Rogers, who had apparently earned the nickname "Hell Hound Rogers" when helping build Standard Oil earlier in his career. In one of history"s ironies, Rogers was introduced by Twain to investigative journalist Ida Tarbell, who is widely credited with exposing the dark side of Standard Oil, and did so largely through information she obtained through meetings with Rogers. During the years of their friendship, influenced by Twain, Rogers helped finance the education of Helen Keller and made substantial contributions to Dr. Booker T. Washington. After Rogers" death, Dr. Washington revealed that Roders (with a much-hated public persona) had been generously funding many small country schools and institutions of higher education in the South for the betterment and education of African Americans for over 15 years. Although by this late date he was in marginal health, in April, 1909, Twain returned to Norfolk with Rogers, and was a guest speaker at the dedication dinner held for the newly completed Virginian Railway, a "Mountains to Sea" engineering marvel of the day. The construction of the new railroad had been solely financed by industrialist Rogers. When Rogers died suddenly in New York less than two months later. Twain, on his way by train from Connecticut to visit Rogers, was met with the news at Grand Central Station the same morning by his daughter. His grief-stricken reaction was widely reported. He served as one of the pall-bearers at the Rogers funeral in New York later that week. When he declined to ride the funeral train from New York on to Fairhaven, Massachusetts, for the interment, he stated that he could not undertake to travel that distance among those whom he knew so well, and with whom he must of necessity join in conversation. Twain himself died less than one year later. He wrote in 1909, "I came in with Halley"s Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it". And so he did. Halley"s comet can be seen in the Earth"s skies once every 75-76 years. It was visible on November 30, 1835, when Mark Twain was born and was also visible on April 21, 1910, when he died (although the exact dates of Halley"s highpoint were November 16th and April 10th, respectively). After his death, one of the prominent figures who paid public tribute to him was the President of the United States at the time, William H. Taft. In his words, "Mark Twain gave real intellectual enjoyment to millions, and his works will continue to give such pleasures to millions yet to come. He never wrote a line that a father could not read to a daughter".

In 1867 Twain took a trip on the ship "The Quaker City." The collection of sketches "Innocents Abroad" which he wrote about the journey brought him fame.

In 1876 he published his world famous book "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and only eight years later he finished his masterpiece "Huckleberry Finn."

In 1935 Ernest Hemingway wrote that "Huckleberry Finn" was the first and best book in American literature. William Faulkner said the same in 1955. Before Mark Twain, they said, there was only an American dialect, but after him there was an American language.

Many critics say that Twain’s books give a better picture of the period than history books.

Mark Twain died in 1910.

Notes

Samuel L. Clemens was born… — Самуэль Л. Клеменс родился… Глагол to bear (bore, born) употреблен в страдательном залоге в Past Indefinite Tense (формула страдательного залога: to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе + Participle II , то есть причастие прошедшего времени смыслового глагола ).
he joined miners searching for silver — он присоединился к старателям, которые искали серебро (залежи серебра) . Глагол to search употреблен в форме причастия настоящего времени (Participle I). В данном предложении Present Participle выступает в функции определения (после существительного, к которому оно относится).
"The Jumping Frog" was published — Знаменитая скачущая лягушка из «Калавераса» была напечатана. Глагол to publish употреблен в страдательном залоге в Past Indefinite Tense (см. примеч.1).
"The Quaker City" — «Город квакеров» (название парохода).
there was an American language — появился американский язык (Фолкнер и Хемингуэй имели в виду «литературный язык»).

Words

1. adopt — 1. принимать 2. усыновлять
   to adopt a resolution — принять резолюцию
   to adopt a child — усыновить ребёнка
2. advise — советовать, рекомендовать
   Did you advise Jill to read this book? - Вы посоветовали Джил прочитать эту книгу?
3. age — возраст
   at an early age — в аннем возрасте
   at the age of twenty — в возрасте двадцати лет
4. army — армия; the Confederate Army — армия конфедератов (армия конфедерации 11-ти южных штатов. которая боролась против армии северян в Гражданской войне 1862-65 гг.)
5. bank — берег (реки, пруда, озера)
   There was a lot of people on the bank of the Mississippi River.
6. city — город; город, имеющий муниципалитет (в США); большой город (в Англии);
   a city paper — городская газета
7. become (became, become) — делаться, становиться; превращаться;
   to become rich — разбогатеть
8. before — до, раньше (во временном значении указывает на предшествование);
   He came back before dinner. – Он вернулся до обеда.
9. begin (began, begun) — 1. начинать, приступать (к чему-либо) He began to write at the age of twenty. ; 2. начинаться; When does school begin? – Когда начинаются занятия в школе?
10. break (broke, broken) out — вспыхивать (о войне, пожаре, эпидемии);
    When did the Civil War in the USA break out?
11. Civil War — Гражданская война (1862-65 гг. в США)
12. collection — собрание
    a collection of stories — сборник рассказов
13. critic — критик
14. dialect — диалект; наречие
15. die — умирать
    Hemingway died in 1961. – Хемингуэй умер в 1961 году.
16. during — в течение, во время
17. early — рано
18. east — восток
    in the east — на востоке; the East — Восток, восточная часть США (территория, расположенная к востоку от р. Миссисипи)
19. enjoy — нравиться, получать удовольствие (от чего-л.)
    to enjoy music — получать удовольствие от музыки
    to enjoy every minute of it — получать огромное удовольствие (от чего-либо)
20. fail — 1. терпеть неудачу He failed to become a journalist. 2. подводить, не оправдывать ожиданий He failed me at the last minute. – Он подвел меня в последнюю минуту.
21. fame — слава, известность
    to bring somebody a fame — принести кому-либо известность The first book brought the young writer fame.
22. famous — знаменитый, прославленный, известный
    Mark Twain is a famous American writer. – Марк Твен – знаменитый американский писатель.
    to become famous — стать знаменитым
23. fight (fought, fought) – сражаться, бороться
    fight for – бороться за
24. finish – кончать(ся), заканчивать(ся), завершать(ся) Did you finish the book?
25. for — за (указывает на лицо или предмет, в поддержку или в защиту которого выступают)
26. give a picture of — давать представление (изображение) чего-либо
27. great — 1. большой, огромный 2. великий
    a great city – огромный город; a great writer (painter, etc) – великий писатель (художник и т.д.)
28. humorist — юморист
29. humorous — юмористический
    a humorous writer – юмористический писатель
    a humorous story – юмористический рассказ
30. join — присоединяться
    to join the army – пойти в армию Mark Twain did not want to join the Confederate Army. – Марк Твен не захотел вступить в армию конфедератов.
31. journey — поездка, путешествие
32. last — последний; last week (month, year) – на прошлой неделе (в прошлом месяце, году)
33. leave (left, left) school — бросить школу или окончить школу
    Mark Twain had to leave school at an early age. – Марк Твен вынужден был бросить школу в раннем возрасте.
34. literature — литература
    to study literature - изучать литературу
35. living — средства к существованию
    to work for a living – зарабатывать на жизнь
    What do you do for a living? – Кем вы работаете?
36. masterpiece — шедевр
37. miner — горняк, горнорабочий, шахтер, рудокоп
38. north — север in the north - на севере
39. period — период
40. periodical — журнал, периодическое издание
41. pilot — вести пароход (в качестве лоцмана)
42. printer — печатник
    to work as a printer – работать печатником
43. pseudonym — псевдоним
    to adopt a pseudonym – принять псевдоним
44. publish — издавать, опубликовывать
    to be published – быть изданным (опубликованным) When was Mark Twain’s first book published?
45. reporter — – репортёр, корреспондент
46. rich — – богатый
    to become rich – разбогатеть Mark Twain failed to become rich.
47. river — река
48. search for — искать что-либо
49. ship — пароход, корабль
50. silver — серебро
51. sketch — очерк, заметки

Mark Twain was bom in the state of Missouri in the United States in 1835 His father was an unsuccessful lawyer. The family seldom lived more than a year or two in the same town That is why the future writer did not even finish secondary school. He went to work at the age of 12.

For two years he worked for his elder brother"s small newspaper both as a printer and reporter.

In 1857 he became a pilot on the Mississipi river. He continued to write.

In 1976 he wrote The Adventures of Tom Sawyer . The book was read by everybody, by the young and old and was translated into nearly every language in the world. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was such a success that in 1884 he wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , and then Tom Sawyer Abroad and Tom Sawyer the Detective in 1896. There were many other books written by Mark Twain. But his novels about Tom Sawyer and his friend Huckleberry Finn brought him world fame. Mark Twain"s real name was Sammuel Clemens. He took his penname from the words to mark and twain which were used by leadsmen on the steamboats to mark the depth of two fathoms.

Mark Twain"s stories enjoy widespread popularity. His characters are always well-drawn, his stories are true-to-life and the plots of his stories are skilfully built up.

Many years have passed since Mark Twain"s ti death, but even now we enjoy reading his works. Besides being a humorist, Mark Twain is also a realist - the author of biting satires and bitterly critical pages revealing a good deal of the truth about American way of life.

Марк Твен

Марк Твен родился в штате Миссури в Соединенных Штатах Америки в 1835 году. Его отец был неудачливым юристом. Семья редко жила в одном и том же городе более 1 - 2 лет. Вот почему будущий писатель даже не закончил среднюю школу. Он пошел работать в возрасте 12 лет.

Два года он работал печатником и репортером в редакции небольшой газеты, принадлежащей старшему брату.

В 1857 году он стал лоцманом, плавая по реке Миссисипи и продолжал писать.

В1876 году он написал "Приключения Тома Сойера". Книгу читали все - дети и взрослые, она была переведена почти на все языки мира. "Приключения Тома Сойера" имели такой успех, что в 1884 году он написал "Приключения Гекльберри Финна", и затем "Том Сойер за границей" и "Том Сойер - сыщик", вышедшие в 1896 г. Марк Твен написал еще много других книг, но всемирную известность ему принесли его романы о Томе Сойере и Гекльберри Финне. Настоящее имя Марка Твена было Сэмюэль Клеменс. Он избрал себе в качестве псевдонима выражение "марктвен", которое у лоцманов на пароходах обозначало глубину в две морские сажени.

Рассказы Марка Твена пользуются широкой популярностью. Характеры его героев всегда хорошо раскрыты, его истории правдивы, сюжеты мастерски построены.

Прошло много лет с тех пор, как Марк Твен умер, но даже и сейчас мы получаем удовольствие от его произведений. Кроме того, что он юморист, он также реалист, автор острой сатиры и страниц резкой критики, раскрывающих правду об американском образе жизни.